It is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium, a thin layer of tissue that lines the joints, leading to inflammation and damage to the joint’s cartilage and bone.
Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
It includes joint pain, morning stiffness, swelling, and tenderness, particularly in the hands, feet, and wrists. Other symptoms may include fatigue, fever, weight loss, and loss of appetite. The severity of symptoms can vary greatly between individuals and can also fluctuate over time, with periods of remission and flare-ups.
Joints involved in rheumatoid arthritis
The joints commonly involved in RA include:
- Hands: The joints of the fingers, especially the knuckles and the joints that allow the fingers to bend and straighten (proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints) are frequently affected by RA.
- Wrists: The wrist joints are also commonly affected by RA, which can cause pain, swelling, and stiffness.
- Elbows: RA can cause inflammation in the elbow joint, leading to pain and limited movement.
- Shoulders: While less commonly affected, the shoulder joint can also be involved in RA.
- Hips: RA can cause inflammation in the hip joint, which can result in pain and stiffness.
- Knees: The knee joint is another joint that can be affected by RA, causing pain, swelling, and stiffness.
- Ankles: RA can cause inflammation in the ankle joint, which can result in pain and limited movement.
- Feet: The joints of the toes and the midfoot can be affected by RA, causing pain, swelling, and deformities.
It is important to note that RA can affect multiple joints throughout the body, and the severity of the disease can vary from person to person.
Causes of rheumatoid arthritis
The exact cause of RA is not fully understood, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Certain genes have been identified that increase the risk of developing the condition, and environmental triggers such as smoking, infections, and exposure to certain chemicals may also play a role.
Diagnosis of rheumatoid athritis
Diagnosis of RA is typically made based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests, such as blood tests and imaging studies like X-rays, MRI, or ultrasound.
Medical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Treatment of RA aims to reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and prevent or slow joint damage. This may involve a combination of medications, such as
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) e.g. Celecoxib (Celebrex) , Diclofenac, ibuprofen, Diflunisal
- Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) e.g. methotrexate, sulfasalazine, leflunomide.
- Biological agents e.g. Adalimumab (Humira)
NSAIDs are used to reduce pain and inflammation and can be purchased over the counter or prescribed by a doctor.
DMARDs are used to slow the progression of the disease and prevent joint damage.
Biologic agents are newer medications that target specific proteins in the immune system that are responsible for inflammation. These medications are usually given by injection or infusion.
Physical therapy and regular exercise are also important for maintaining joint function and preventing further damage.
While there is no cure for RA, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. It is important for individuals with RA to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a treatment plan that meets their specific needs and lifestyle.
Physical therapy management of rheumatoid Arthritis
Physical therapy can play an important role in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints, causing pain, stiffness, and swelling. Physical therapy can help individuals with RA maintain their mobility, improve their range of motion, and reduce pain.
Here are some ways physical therapy can help in the management of RA:
- Exercise: Physical therapy can provide exercises that help to strengthen the muscles around the affected joints, improve range of motion, and improve overall mobility. Aerobic exercises such as walking, cycling, and swimming can also be beneficial.
- Pain management: Physical therapy can help to reduce pain associated with RA through techniques such as hot and cold therapy, massage, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS).
- Joint protection: Physical therapists can teach individuals with RA how to protect their joints during daily activities and provide assistive devices such as splints and braces to help support affected joints.
- Education: Physical therapists can provide education about RA, including its causes, symptoms, and management strategies, as well as tips on how to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
- Functional mobility: Physical therapy can help individuals with RA maintain their ability to perform daily tasks, such as getting dressed, preparing meals, and driving.
Overall, physical therapy can be an important component of a comprehensive treatment plan for individuals with RA, helping to improve quality of life and maintain independence.
Conclusion
RA is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects millions of people worldwide. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience joint pain, stiffness, or swelling, especially if these symptoms persist for more than a few weeks. Early diagnosis and treatment can help to prevent joint damage and improve quality of life for people with RA. Treatment may include medications, physical therapy, and other supportive treatments, and in some cases, surgery may be recommended. With proper management, many people with RA are able to lead full and active lives. Top of Form